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In Macroscopic Approach also referred to as classical thermodynamics, a certain quantity of matter is considered without taking into account the events occurring at molecular level. It is more concerned with gross or average effects of many molecules’ infractions. These effects, such as pressure and temperature can be perceived by our senses and can be … Read more
The Zener Breakdown and Avalanche Breakdown are two different mechanisms by which a PN junction breaks. Avalanche and Zener breakdown both occur in diode under reverse bias. The avalanche breakdown occurs because of the ionization of electrons and hole pairs whereas the zener breakdown occurs because of heavy doping. What Is Zener Breakdown? When a … Read more
The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and they are independent of outside reference frames. The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is referred to as the internal energy of a system and is usually denoted by U. … Read more
Microscopic Variable A microscopic variable is a variable pertaining to the individual atoms and molecules, making up the system. Examples include: Component of a particle’s velocity The orientation of the axis of a diatomic molecule The quantum number for a particular vibrational mode of a molecule The magnetic moment vector of a paramagneticion Other examples … Read more
An intrinsic semiconductor is one which is made of the semiconductor material in its pure form (Without any significant doping agent present). In this type of semiconductor, the number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself and not the amount of impurities. It can also be described as one … Read more
A turbine is a rotatory mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating electrical power when combined with a generator. There are two types of turbine Impulse and reaction turbine. A reaction turbine is a turbine with … Read more
According to Bohr’s atomic model, an orbit is a fixed circular path along which electrons revolve around the nucleus of the atom. Thus, all atoms particularly revolve in an orbit. According to Bohr model, the first shell holds 2 electrons. However, Bohr’s atomic model has been rejected. The generally accepted model is the one that … Read more
Both curd and Yoghurt are dairy products. Curd is obtained by coagulating milk in a process referred to as curdling. The coagulation can happen by adding rennet or any edible acidic substance such as lemon juice or vinegar and then allowing it to coagulate. The increase in acidity makes the milk proteins (casein) to tangle … Read more
True solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in which substances dissolved (solute) in solvent has the particles size of less than 10-9 nm or 1 nm. Simple solution of sugar in water is an example of a true solution. The solute particles are invisible to the naked eye as well as … Read more
In Quantum chemistry, valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory, are two basic theories that are used to explain chemical bonding or simply how atoms come together to form molecules. Valence Bond Theory, rooted in the early 20th century, paints a picture of chemical bonds as localized interactions between overlapping atomic orbitals. VBT … Read more