SCIENCE

Bony fish and cartilaginous fish represent two classes within the vertebrate kingdom, each characterized by unique anatomical features and evolutionary adaptations. Both groups inhabit aquatic environments. In simple terms, a bony fish (Osteichthyes) is one whose skeleton is made of bone, while a cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) has a skeleton made of soft, flexible cartilage. A third type of fish, … Read more

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration are the two common types of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. Many cells can perform either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on whether oxygen … Read more

Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction where organisms are created by combining the genetic information from two individuals of different sexes. The genetic information is carried on chromosomes within the nucleus of specialized sex cells referred to as gametes. In males, these gamates are referred to as sperm and in females the … Read more

Cold-blooded Animals (Poikilotherms/Ectotherms) Cold–blooded animals can also be referred to as ectotherms or poikilotherms. These are animals that lack an internal physiological mechanism to regulate their body temperatures internally; therefore, their temperature is not constant and varies according to the temperature of the surrounding environment. In hot environments, their blood can get much warmer than … Read more

 What Is Amine? In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group. Sometimes amines in which both types of substituent are … Read more

What is Pollination?  Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male (anther) of a flower to the female part (stigma) of the same or different flower. Pollen grains contain the male gametes and are present in the anthers of the flower. Pollination is usually the first process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants.  There … Read more

What Is Solar Eclipse? A solar eclipse occurs when the moon gets between Earth and the Sun and the moon casts a shadow over Earth. A solar eclipse can only take place at the phase of new moon, when the moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth and its shadows fall upon Earth’s surface. … Read more

Transpiration is the process in which plants lose water in the form of moisture or water vapor. Parts of plant like stem, small pores on leaves and flowers evaporate the water to the atmosphere. 90% of the transpiration occurs through foliar surface or surface of leaves.  Types of transpiration include: stomatal, lenticular and cuticular transpiration. … Read more

What Are Lenticels? Lenticels are one of the many raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues. Usually, lenticels consist of large intercellular spaces in the periderm, especially in secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots of dicotyledonous flowering … Read more

Batch Fermentation (Batch Culture) Batch fermentation is the simplest mode of fermentation; it is made up of a mechanically stirred vessel with other accessories such as a gas sparger and a heating/cooling jacket. It is also widely used in biological industry, including microbial fermentation, cell metabolism and production of products. In batch fermentation, substrate and … Read more