SCIENCE

What Is Hard Water? Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates. Generally, hard water contains essential minerals; it is sometimes the preferred drinking water, not only because of the health benefit, but also the flavor. … Read more

An emulsion is a temporarily stable mixture of immiscible fluids such as oil and water, achieved by finely dividing one phase into very small droplets.  Common emulsions can be oil suspended in water or aqueous phase (O/W) or water suspended in oil (W/O). Both O/W and W/O have unique applications and chemical properties and you … Read more

What Is Phase Contrast Microscopy? Phase-contrast microscopy was first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike. It a technique used for gaining contrast in a translucent specimen without staining the specimen. The optics of the microscope converts the differences in the refractive index of the specimen into brightness differences. This causes the translucent object … Read more

What Is Electrical Resistance? Electrical resistance is the hindrance to the flow of charge through an electric circuit. Resistance is represented by the uppercase letter R. The standard unit of resistance is the ohm, sometimes written as a word and sometimes symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega. In general, when the applied voltage is … Read more

A control system is a system of devices or set of devices that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems to achieve desired results. There are two main types of control system. They include: Open loop control system Closed loop control system What Is Open Loop Control System? An open … Read more

What Is A Covalent Bond? A covalent bond also referred to as a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is … Read more

Conduction, convection and radiation are the three major ways in which thermal energy can be transferred from one object/substance to another or from a system to its surroundings. Both conduction and convection requires matter to transfer heat. However, if there is a temperature difference between two systems heat will always find a way to transfer … Read more

What Is A Resistor? A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component with the primary function of limiting the flow of current in a circuit, a function that is key to the operation of most circuits. They are typically constructed of metal wire or carbon and engineered to maintain a stable resistance value over a … Read more

What Is Substitution Reaction? A substitution reaction is also referred to as a single displacement reaction, single substitution reaction or single replacement reaction. Substitution reaction can be described as a reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group or it is a reaction which involves the replacement of … Read more

Hazel Eyes Hazel eyes are sometimes mistaken for green or brown eyes. They are not as rare as green eyes, but are rarer than blue eyes. Only about 5 percent of the population worldwide has the hazel eye genetic mutation. After brown eyes, they have the most melanin. . The combination of having less melanin … Read more