SCIENCE

What is Azeotropic Distillation? Azeotropic distillation is a separation technique used to separate the components of a mixture by forming an azeotrope. Azeotropes are component mixtures with a constant boiling point. This type of mixture cannot be separated into components by simple distillation since all the components have the same boiling point. When an azeotropic … Read more

Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis are common methods used in analytical chemistry. They provide mechanism for determining the amounts of substances present in a sample, each with its own set of principles, advantages and applications. Let’s talk more about the them. What is Gravimetric Analysis? Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative method used to determine the amount … Read more

Pauli Exclusion Principle An Austrian physicist named Wolfgang Pauli formulated the principle in the year 1925. With this principle, he basically described the behaviour of the electrons. Later in the year 1940, he expanded on the principle to cover all fermions under his spin-statistics theorem. Besides, fermions that are described by the principle include elementary particles … Read more

What is Aufbau Principle? The Aufbau Principle, also known as the building-up principle, is a concept that describes the order in which electrons fill atomic orbitals as an atom is built up. It states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals available to them before filling higher energy levels. According to the Aufbau Principle: For … Read more

Hund’s Rule and the Pauli Exclusion Principle are two principles in quantum mechanics that govern the behavior of electrons in atoms. Let’s talk more about the two. What is Pauli Exclusion Principle? The Pauli Exclusion Principle formulated by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925. It states that no two electrons (or other fermions) in … Read more

Let us look at the between Gauge Bosons and the Higgs Boson through their definitions, characteristics, roles in particle interactions, experimental verifications, and broader implications for our comprehension of the cosmos. What is Gauge Boson? In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. … Read more

Benedict’s test is a simple chemistry test used to detect presence of reducing sugars in a biological sample. It is named after American chemist Stanley Rossister Benedict.   Reducing sugars are carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents due to the presence of free aldehyde groups or free ketone groups in their chemical structure. Examples of … Read more

Objective The Biuret test provides a qualitative assessment of protein presence by detecting the peptide bonds between amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The test relies on the reaction between proteins and copper(II) ions under alkaline conditions. In the Biuret test, the sample is mixed with a reagent containing copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) … Read more

Objective Seliwanoff’s test is a biochemical test devised by the Russian chemist Theodore Seliwanoff in 1887.  The main objective of Seliwanoff’s Test is to differentiate between aldoses and ketoses based on their reaction with Seliwanoff’s reagent. Aldoses, which have a terminal aldehyde group, do not give a strong positive reaction or give a much slower … Read more

Objective Barfoed’s test is a biochemical test devised by the Swedish physician C.T Barfoed (1815-1899). The test is a chemical test used to differentiate between monosaccharides (simple sugars) and disaccharides, particularly between monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group and those that do not. The main objective of Barfoed’s test is to distinguish between monosaccharides and certain … Read more