What is Aufbau Principle? The Aufbau Principle, also known as the building-up principle, is a concept that describes the order in which electrons fill atomic orbitals as an atom is built up. It states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals available to them before filling higher energy levels. According to the Aufbau Principle: For … Read more
Hund’s Rule and the Pauli Exclusion Principle are two principles in quantum mechanics that govern the behavior of electrons in atoms. Let’s talk more about the two. What is Pauli Exclusion Principle? The Pauli Exclusion Principle formulated by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925. It states that no two electrons (or other fermions) in … Read more
Let us look at the between Gauge Bosons and the Higgs Boson through their definitions, characteristics, roles in particle interactions, experimental verifications, and broader implications for our comprehension of the cosmos. What is Gauge Boson? In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. … Read more
Benedict’s test is a simple chemistry test used to detect presence of reducing sugars in a biological sample. It is named after American chemist Stanley Rossister Benedict. Reducing sugars are carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents due to the presence of free aldehyde groups or free ketone groups in their chemical structure. Examples of … Read more
Objective The Biuret test provides a qualitative assessment of protein presence by detecting the peptide bonds between amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The test relies on the reaction between proteins and copper(II) ions under alkaline conditions. In the Biuret test, the sample is mixed with a reagent containing copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) … Read more
Objective Seliwanoff’s test is a biochemical test devised by the Russian chemist Theodore Seliwanoff in 1887. The main objective of Seliwanoff’s Test is to differentiate between aldoses and ketoses based on their reaction with Seliwanoff’s reagent. Aldoses, which have a terminal aldehyde group, do not give a strong positive reaction or give a much slower … Read more
Objective Barfoed’s test is a biochemical test devised by the Swedish physician C.T Barfoed (1815-1899). The test is a chemical test used to differentiate between monosaccharides (simple sugars) and disaccharides, particularly between monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group and those that do not. The main objective of Barfoed’s test is to distinguish between monosaccharides and certain … Read more
Objective Molisch’s test is a sensitive chemical test, named after Australian Botanist Hans Molisch. It is a chemical test used to detect the presence of carbohydrates, specifically the presence of any form of carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed to form simple sugars, such as glucose. The objective of Molisch’s test is to identify the presence … Read more
Principle Of Iodine Test For Starch The starch-iodide complex as charge is transferred between the starch and iodide ions (tri-iodide or pentaiodide). The transfer of the charge between the starch and the iodide ion changes the spacing between energy levels/orbitals. This change results in the starch-iodide complex absorbing light at different wavelength resulting in an … Read more
What Is A Conductor? In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electricity) through them. Conductors have free electrons on its surface which allows current to pass through. This is the reason why they are able to conduct electricity. Conductors also have can … Read more