Amwoga Khalwale

The xylem is the vascular tissue that moves water and nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant such as shoot and leaves. Major components of xylem tissue include: xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers, xylem vessels and tracheids. The tracheid is one of the two cell types of the tracheary elements, the other being the … Read more

Xylem and phloem are the major conducting tissues in vascular plants. The main function of xylem is conduction of water and minerals towards the apical shoot. Xylem tissues can be classified as primary and secondary xylem depending on where they originate. The primary xylem is the type of xylem that is produced from the primary … Read more

The phloem is the vascular tissue that carries out the function of translocation (i.e the process of transporting photosynthate materials from the photosynthetic plant organs to various parts of the plant. Phloem is made up of the following major components: Sieve element Companion cell Phloem parenchyma Phloem schlerenchyma In angiosperms, the sieve element is referred … Read more

Amylose and amylopectin are present side by side and interspersed in the starch granule. They have unique chemical and physical properties and their relative proportions influence the overall properties of starches. Amylose forms a colloidal dispersion in hot water whereas amylopectin is completely insoluble. What Is Amylose? Amylose also referred to as a linear polymer, … Read more

There are two classifications of plastic materials, thermosets and thermoplastics. The classification is based on the chemical structure. Thermoplastics are made up of linear molecular chains whereas thermosetting plastics are made up of cross-linked molecular chains. Thermoplastics Thermoplastic commonly referred to as thermoplastic polymers are polymers that can be repeatedly heated and molded without effecting … Read more

In Chemistry, anions and cations are both ions. Ions are atoms or molecules which have gained or lost one or more valence electrons, giving the ion a net positive or negative charge. Therefore, the main difference between a cation and an anion is the net electrical charge of the ion. A negative charge is as … Read more

Speciation refers to the formation of new species. Allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation are two major mechanisms of speciation. They both occur due to the reproductive isolation of individuals in the same species. What Is Allopatric Speciation? Allopatric speciation is the physical isolation of a biological population by an extrinsic/geographical barrier such as mountains, rivers, … Read more

Vernier Caliper Vernier calipers, like micrometers are the tools more commonly used for low tolerance measuring. Low tolerance measuring tools provide very accurate measurements with a small margin for error. Vernier Caliper was invented by French mathematician Pierre Vernier in 1631. It is an instrument that precisely measures internal or external dimensions and distances. It … Read more