Amwoga Khalwale
Hardwood comes from angiosperm trees that are not monocots. Hardwoods are usually found in broad-leaved temperate and tropical forests. They Have vessel elements that transport water throughout the wood, under a microscope these elements appear as pores. Examples of hardwood trees include: Softwood comes from gymnosperm trees which usually have needles and cones. Medullary rays … Read more
Velocity is defined as the speed of a moving object in a particular direction. Velocity of an object can also be described as the rate of change of its position with respect to speed and direction of motion (e.g 15 km/h to the south). Velocity is a physical vector quantity; both magnitude and direction are … Read more
What Is Distance? Distance is the total movement of an object without any regard to direction. We can also describe distance as to how much ground an object has covered despite its starting or ending point. What Is Displacement? Displacement can be described as the change in position of an object. It is a vector … Read more
Sometimes galvanic cells are just referred to as electrochemical cells while they are electrochemical cells; electrolytic cells are also electrochemical cells. Electrolytic and galvanic cells are however not the same. A galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell which converts chemical potential energy to electrical potential energy through a spontaneous chemical reaction. A galvanic cell has … Read more
In Macroscopic Approach also referred to as classical thermodynamics, a certain quantity of matter is considered without taking into account the events occurring at molecular level. It is more concerned with gross or average effects of many molecules’ infractions. These effects, such as pressure and temperature can be perceived by our senses and can be … Read more
The Zener Breakdown and Avalanche Breakdown are two different mechanisms by which a PN junction breaks. Avalanche and Zener breakdown both occur in diode under reverse bias. The avalanche breakdown occurs because of the ionization of electrons and hole pairs whereas the zener breakdown occurs because of heavy doping. What Is Zener Breakdown? When a … Read more
The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and they are independent of outside reference frames. The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is referred to as the internal energy of a system and is usually denoted by U. … Read more
Microscopic Variable A microscopic variable is a variable pertaining to the individual atoms and molecules, making up the system. Examples include: Component of a particle’s velocity The orientation of the axis of a diatomic molecule The quantum number for a particular vibrational mode of a molecule The magnetic moment vector of a paramagneticion Other examples … Read more
An Otto cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle that describes the function of a spark ignition piston engine. The idea of Otto cycle was first proposed by Nicolas Otto back then in 1876. It is the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines. It describes what happens to a mass of gas as it … Read more
An intrinsic semiconductor is one which is made of the semiconductor material in its pure form (Without any significant doping agent present). In this type of semiconductor, the number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself and not the amount of impurities. It can also be described as one … Read more