Amwoga Khalwale
What is an Endotoxin? Endotoxin also known as lipoglycans is a toxic heat-stable lipopolysaccharide substance present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released from the cell upon lysis. Endotoxins are not secreted but are released only when the cells are disrupted, they are less potent and less specific than the exotoxins and … Read more
Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic organisms that thrive in diverse environments; they can live in ocean, soil and human gut. Bacteria are living organisms with a simple cell structure that contains organelles, DNA and RNA that are immersed within the cytoplasm and surrounded by a cell wall. Most bacteria reproduce by a process known as binary … Read more
Mitosis, the more common form of cell division, plays a role in maintaining the integrity and functionality of somatic cells, ensuring growth, repair, and replacement of damaged or aging cells. On the other hand, meiosis is a specialized division essential for sexual reproduction, generating gametes with reduced chromosome numbers to facilitate genetic diversity. Let us … Read more
Organizational communication can take on a variety of forms. The most common categories of communication are diagonal, horizontal and vertical. Each of these types of communication has its own specific qualities, but at the same time, certain factors can overlap from one category to another. In this article, I discuss the two most common (Horizontal … Read more
What Is OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)? Online transaction processing system (OLTP) is designed to support transaction-oriented applications related to 3-tier architecture. OLTP stores day-to-day business transactions and is well-suited for querying specific records for example email address of a customer. OLTP is carried in a client server system and many organizations use database management system … Read more
GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication) GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. The idea of GSM was first developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970, and was … Read more
What Is 8085 Microprocessor? The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in March 1977 using NMOS technology. During its operation, data is stored in the accumulator and temporary registers. Also, the output of the operation is stored in the accumulator and in accordance with the outcome generated; the flags get set and … Read more
A Trophic State Index is a standard used to determine the nutritional state of a water body i.e the quantity of biologically useful nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen etc dissolved in a water body. The most commonly used trophic indices is the Carlson’s index, whereby the trophic state of a water body is described as the … Read more
Learn the differences between protic and aprotic solvents in the context of their definition, molecular characteristics, properties and applications. What Is Protic Solvent? Protic solvents are a class of solvents characterized by the presence of hydrogen atoms (H) bonded to electronegative atoms, such as oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N). These hydrogen atoms have a tendency … Read more
Cis and Trans Isomers Two molecules are isomers if they contain the exact same number and types of atoms, with just a different arrangement or rotation around a chemical bond. Molecules are not isomers if they have a different number of atoms or different types of atoms from each other. Cis–trans isomerism also referred to … Read more