Amwoga KhalwaleWhat Is Classical Economics? Classical economics school of thought flourished primarily in Britain in the late 18th and early-to-mid 19th century. Its main thinkers are held to be Adam smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Roberto Malthus and John Stuart Mill. The value and distribution theory of classical economics states that the value of a … Read more
Stock markets around the world have different trading hours, depending on your current geographic location. Stock market opening times vary in each country, depending on the local working hours and culture. Most stock markets around the world will be open for trading from Monday to Friday, and will be closed on the weekends. Some stock exchanges … Read more
Pi Network developers have constantly hinted that the mainnet launch would happen this year. The transition from the enclosed mainnet to The Open Network is a highly anticipated event because it will let millions of pioneers convert their accumulated coins into fiat currencies. The developers have identified three key things that need to happen for … Read more
What is Leverage? Leverage allows traders to control a larger position with a small amount of capital. It’s expressed as a ratio, such as 1:400 or 1:3000, indicating the multiplier of the trader’s capital. Key Difference Basis 1:400 Leverage 1:3000 Leverage Position Size Smaller ($12,000 max with $30) Larger ($90,000 max with $30) Margin Requirement … Read more
Forex trading is a legitimate investment opportunity that involves buying and selling currencies on the foreign exchange market. It requires analysis, strategy, and risk management to make informed trading decisions. Gambling is the practice or activity of betting, risking money or other stakes on a random event with the intent of winning something of value. … Read more
Unconstrained Optimization Unconstrained optimization problems involve finding the optimal solution that minimizes or maximizes an objective function without any constraints. Unconstrained optimization is a fundamental problem in many fields, including machine learning, statistics, and operations research. Types of Unconstrained Optimization: Mathematical Formulation Optimization of an objective function without any constraints on the decision variables. Minimize or Maximize: f(x) … Read more
Linear Programming (LP): LP problems have an objective and all constraints that are linear functions of the decision variables. LP problems are intrinsically easier to solve than general nonlinear problems, as they have at most one feasible region with “flat faces” on its outer surface, and the optimal solution will always be found at a … Read more
The Central Limit Theorem states that, given certain conditions, the distribution of the mean of a large sample of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables will approximate a normal distribution, even if the original variables are not normally distributed. In other words, as the sample size (n) increases, the distribution of the sample mean … Read more
The Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a matrix A into three matrices: The SVD can be written as: A = U Σ V* The singular values in Σ are non-negative and represent the importance of each column of A. The columns of U and V are orthonormal, meaning they have length 1 … Read more
David X. Li, a Chinese-born Canadian quantitative analyst and actuary, introduced the Gaussian copula function in his 2000 paper “On Default Correlation: A Copula Function Approach”. The paper aimed to provide a mathematical framework for modeling default correlations between multiple credit instruments, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Enter Li, a star mathematician who grew up … Read more