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Learn the differences between protic and aprotic solvents in the context of their definition, molecular characteristics, properties and applications. What Is Protic Solvent? Protic solvents are a class of solvents characterized by the presence of hydrogen atoms (H) bonded to electronegative atoms, such as oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N). These hydrogen atoms have a tendency … Read more
Cis and Trans Isomers Two molecules are isomers if they contain the exact same number and types of atoms, with just a different arrangement or rotation around a chemical bond. Molecules are not isomers if they have a different number of atoms or different types of atoms from each other. Cis–trans isomerism also referred to … Read more
Energy refers to the ability of an object or system to perform work. Energy exists in many different forms including mechanical, thermal, chemical, nuclear and others. All forms of energy are either kinetic or potential. The energy associated with position is referred to as potential energy (PE) whereas the energy associated with motion is referred … Read more
What Is Dot Product (Scalar Product)? The dot product also referred to as scalar product is a number (scalar quantity) obtained by performing a specific operation on the vector components. The dot product has meaning only for pairs of vectors having the same number of dimensions. Dot product number features prominently in many problems in … Read more
What Are Compounds? Compounds are substances that are made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined in ratios or fixed proportions. Chemical compounds have a unique and definite chemical structure held together in a definite spatial arrangement by chemical bonds. In this regard, there are four types of compounds, depending on how … Read more
Rocks can break for a variety of reasons, including stress along natural zones of weakness and due to biological and chemical activity. Weathering can be described as a natural process whereby rock, soil, some plants and human-made objects are broken down or degraded having been in contact with the Earth’s atmosphere, water/rain, wind, biological organisms … Read more
What Are Introns? An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product. Introns are found in the genes of most organisms and many viruses and can be located in a wide range of genes including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) … Read more
B-L ymphocytes (B-Cells) B-cells are at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin against invasive pathogens. B cells are high in spleen, lymph nodes, gut, respiratory tract and bone marrow, they originate and mature in the bone marrow and constitute 20% of the total … Read more
Sildenafil and Tadalafil are drugs used to treat men who have erectile dysfunction (also called sexual impotence). Sildenafil and Tadalafil belong to a group of medicines called phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. These medicines prevent an enzyme called phosphodiesterase type-5 from working too quickly. The penis is one of the areas where this enzyme works. What … Read more
What Are Saturated Hydrocarbons? Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are the simplest class of hydrocarbons. They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. Examples of saturated hydrocarbons include: … Read more