Markovnikov Rule In organic chemistry, Markovnikov ‘s rule also referred to as Markownikoff’s rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions. The rule was formulated by Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870. The rule states that, with the addition of a Protic acid HX (X=Cl, Br, I) to an asymmetric alkene, the acid hydrogen (H) … Read more
DNA Polymerase I (Pol I) DNA polymerase I (or Pol I) is an enzyme that participates in the process of prokaryotic DNA replication. Discovered by Arthur Kornberg in 1956, it was the first known DNA polymerase (and the first known of any kind of polymerase). It was initially characterized in E. coli and is ubiquitous in prokaryotes. In E. coli and many other bacteria, the gene that encodes Pol I is known … Read more
What Are Nitrates? A nitrate is any member of either of two classes of compounds derived from nitric acid, HNO3– and a positive ion such as NH4+. Nitrates are common components of fertilizers and explosives. Examples of nitrates include: Potassium nitrate KNO3) Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) Ammonium nitrate ( NH4NO3) etc. What You Need To Know … Read more
Telescope A telescope is an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors or a combination of both to observe distant objects or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. A telescope objective is designed to capture light from something far away, so the light arriving is nearly … Read more
Atomic Orbitals An atomic orbital is a mathematical function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom’s nucleus. The term atomic orbital can also to the physical region … Read more
Specular/Regular Reflection In regular reflection, all the light that falls on the reflecting surface is reflected in a definite direction. It is produced on smooth surfaces like mirror, highly polished surfaces. Regular reflection can appear much brighter than diffuse reflections when seen from a large distance, because the reflected light is concentrated in a definite … Read more
Purines and Pyrimidines are two types of nitrogenous bases found as the building blocks of nucleic acid of both DNA and RNA. Equal amounts of purines and Pyrimidines are found in cells. Both purines and Pyrimidines are heterocyclic, aromatic organic compounds which are involved in the synthesis of proteins and starch, regulation of enzymes and … Read more
Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through Earth’s layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy. The propagation velocity of seismic waves depends on density and elasticity of the medium as well as the type of wave. Velocity tends to increase with depth through Earth’s crust and mantle, but drops sharply going from the mantle to outer core. … Read more
A person’s eye color depends on how much of a pigment called melanin is stored in the front layers of the iris, the structure surrounding the pupil. Specialized cells called melanocytes produce the melanin, which is stored in intracellular compartment called melanosomes. People have roughly the same number of melanocytes, but the amount of melanin … Read more
What Is a Fuse? In electrical, a fuse is an essential device used in various electrical circuits which gives the protections from the over-current. It is made up of a thin strip or strand of metal, so that, whenever the heavy amount of current or an excessive current flow is there in an electrical circuit, … Read more