BUSINESS

Software is a collection of programs, instructions, and data that tells a computer how to perform specific tasks. Unlike hardware, which is the physical component of a computer, software is intangible and exists digitally. It enables users to interact with computers, perform operations, and execute complex processes that hardware alone cannot accomplish. At its core, … Read more

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the world’s largest stock exchange by market capitalization, hosting many of the most valuable and stable companies, often referred to as “blue-chip” firms. Below is a list of the 20 largest companies listed on the NYSE, based on market capitalization as of the most recent data available (up … Read more

In mathematics, the Chinese remainder theorem states that if one knows the remainders of the Euclidean division of an integer n by several integers, then one can determine uniquely the remainder of the division of n by the product of these integers, under the condition that the divisors are pairwise coprime (no two divisors share a common factor other than 1). In Other words, The Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) … Read more

What It Is Bayes’ Theorem is a fundamental principle in probability theory that describes how to update the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence. Named after the 18th-century mathematician Thomas Bayes, it provides a mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty, flipping the perspective from “what’s the chance of evidence given a hypothesis” to … Read more

Multilevel modeling (MLM), also known as hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) or mixed-effects modeling, is a statistical technique used to analyze data with a nested or hierarchical structure—where observations are grouped within higher-level units. Think of students nested within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or repeated measurements within individuals. Traditional statistical methods like linear regression assume all … Read more

The Heikin-Ashi Technique is a charting method used in technical analysis to smooth out price data and highlight trends more clearly than traditional candlestick charts. Originating from Japan (“Heikin-Ashi” translates to “average bar” in Japanese), it modifies raw price data—open, high, low, close (OHLC)—into a format that filters noise, making it easier to spot trend … Read more

The Fibonacci Sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting with 0 and 1. It’s typically written as: 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,… Formally: Named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa (aka Fibonacci), who introduced it to the West in his 1202 book Liber Abaci, it originally modeled … Read more

Time Series Analysis is a statistical approach to studying and modeling data points collected sequentially over time. It’s used to understand patterns, trends, and behaviors in the data, and often to forecast future values based on those insights. Unlike random data sets, time series data has a natural temporal ordering—think stock prices, weather measurements, or … Read more

The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a version of the Fourier Transform specifically designed for finite, discrete data sets—like a sequence of numbers you might get from sampling a signal (e.g., audio recordings, stock prices, or sensor readings). Unlike the continuous Fourier Transform, which works with infinite, continuous functions, the DFT takes a fixed number … Read more