In mathematics, the Chinese remainder theorem states that if one knows the remainders of the Euclidean division of an integer n by several integers, then one can determine uniquely the remainder of the division of n by the product of these integers, under the condition that the divisors are pairwise coprime (no two divisors share a common factor other than 1). In Other words, The Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) … Read more
What It Is Bayes’ Theorem is a fundamental principle in probability theory that describes how to update the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence. Named after the 18th-century mathematician Thomas Bayes, it provides a mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty, flipping the perspective from “what’s the chance of evidence given a hypothesis” to … Read more
Multilevel modeling (MLM), also known as hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) or mixed-effects modeling, is a statistical technique used to analyze data with a nested or hierarchical structure—where observations are grouped within higher-level units. Think of students nested within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or repeated measurements within individuals. Traditional statistical methods like linear regression assume all … Read more
The Heikin-Ashi Technique is a charting method used in technical analysis to smooth out price data and highlight trends more clearly than traditional candlestick charts. Originating from Japan (“Heikin-Ashi” translates to “average bar” in Japanese), it modifies raw price data—open, high, low, close (OHLC)—into a format that filters noise, making it easier to spot trend … Read more
The Fibonacci Sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting with 0 and 1. It’s typically written as: 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,… Formally: Named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa (aka Fibonacci), who introduced it to the West in his 1202 book Liber Abaci, it originally modeled … Read more
Time Series Analysis is a statistical approach to studying and modeling data points collected sequentially over time. It’s used to understand patterns, trends, and behaviors in the data, and often to forecast future values based on those insights. Unlike random data sets, time series data has a natural temporal ordering—think stock prices, weather measurements, or … Read more
The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a version of the Fourier Transform specifically designed for finite, discrete data sets—like a sequence of numbers you might get from sampling a signal (e.g., audio recordings, stock prices, or sensor readings). Unlike the continuous Fourier Transform, which works with infinite, continuous functions, the DFT takes a fixed number … Read more
The Fourier Transform is a mathematical tool used to break down a function—typically a time-based signal—into its constituent frequencies. It transforms a signal from the time domain (where it’s expressed as amplitude over time) into the frequency domain (where it’s expressed as amplitude across different frequencies). This allows you to see the frequency components that … Read more
Bitcoin is the original cryptocurrency, launched in 2009 as a decentralized digital currency, operating on blockchain technology. It’s widely recognized for its security, anonymity, and potential as both an investment and a medium of exchange, with a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins. Trump Coin, on the other hand, refers to various meme cryptocurrencies … Read more
The Fidelity Low Duration Bond Factor ETF (ticker symbol: FLDR ) is an exchange-traded fund (ETF) designed to provide exposure to a diversified portfolio of U.S. investment-grade bonds with relatively low duration, meaning they are less sensitive to interest rate fluctuations compared to longer-duration bonds. This makes the fund particularly attractive for investors seeking lower … Read more